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標(biāo)題: 反意附加疑問句:英語使用中應(yīng)注意的幾個問題 [打印本頁]

作者: 漢風(fēng)唐韻    時間: 2015-9-25 10:21
標(biāo)題: 反意附加疑問句:英語使用中應(yīng)注意的幾個問題
(, 下載次數(shù): 2)

反意附加疑問句在英語中十分常用,,是一種表達(dá)禮貌且婉轉(zhuǎn)的句型,。它通常由“陳述部分+疑問部分”構(gòu)成,,其表現(xiàn)形式為“肯定陳述+否定疑問”或“否定陳述+肯定疑問”,;其語用功能為提問者對某事沒有把握,,需要對方證實,,以表示禮貌和尋求答案,。在口語中反意附加疑問句的系動詞be,、助動詞,、情態(tài)動詞的否定形式一般用簡略的形式,。例如:

He isn't a student, is he?

You are a teacher, aren't you?

Egypt is a lovely girl, isn't she?

The James brothers went to the party, didn't they?

在非正式場合,陳述部份可省略作主語用的代詞或助動詞,。例 如:

Nice day, isn't it? (=It is a nice day, isn't it?)

Dutch, aren't you? (=You are the Dutch, aren't you?)


使用反意附加疑問句時,,除應(yīng)注意前后人稱與數(shù)保持一致、時態(tài)與動詞性質(zhì)保持一致之外,,還應(yīng)注意以下幾個問題:


1.陳述部分含有情態(tài)動詞must和may時,附加部分的動詞形式較為復(fù)雜,,是一個比較棘手的問題。

1)當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動詞must時,,要分兩種情況:若must表示“必須”或“有必要”,,則附加部分可用mustn't或needn't。例如:

You must leave at once, mustn't/needn't you?

不少語法書和教科書都說,,若陳述部分的must表示對當(dāng)前和過去的狀況推測,,意為“一定”或“必定”時,附加部分不能用must,,而應(yīng)根據(jù)must后面的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)采用相應(yīng)的動詞形式,。例如:

He must be tired, isn't he?

He must have read it, hasn't/didn't he?

其實,陳述部分的must表示推測時,,附加部分也能用must,。著名語言學(xué)家周海中教授在1984年發(fā)表的《英語附加疑問句的一個問題》一文中就給出了幾個實例:

So it must be all right, mustn't it? (P. Alexander: Death of a Thin-skinned Animals)

There must be someone else in the house, mustn't there? (K. Amis: One Fat Englishman)

I suppose it must have been that book, mustn't it? (N. Marsh: Final Curtain)

It wasn't — I mean, it must just have happened to be there, mustn't it? (J. Wyndham: The Day of the Triffids)


2)某些語法專家認(rèn)為,,若陳述部分含有情態(tài)動詞may時,附加部分不能用mayn't,,而只能用mightn't,。對此,周海中教授曾有著不同的看法,他認(rèn)為附加部分可以用mayn't,,并在1990年發(fā)表的《英語附加疑問句的若干問題》一文中給出了幾個實例:

I may come and see her tomorrow, mayn't I? (G. Eliot: Adam Bede)

We may say that we love each other now, mayn't we? (W. W. Collins: The Woman in White)

It may have been in your mind, mayn't it? (E. O'Neill: Strange Interlude)


2.陳述部分含有never,、 seldom、 hardly,、 rarely,、 barely、 scarcely,、 few,、 little等否定詞或半否定詞時,都視為否定形式, 因此疑問部分用肯定形式,。例如:

He never said such a thing, did he?

You hardly ever came late, did you?

You would scarcely expect her to know that, would you?

Little progress has been made, has it?

另外,,當(dāng)陳述部分含有nothing、 nobody等復(fù)合不定代詞時,,疑問部分用肯定形式,。例如:

He has nothing more to say, has he?

Nobody came yesterday, did they?

但當(dāng)陳述部分含有un-、 in-,、 im-,、 ir-、 dis-等否定前綴構(gòu)成的派生詞時,該部分視為肯定形式,,而疑問部分用否定形式,。例如:

It is impolite to do that, isn't it?

He was discouraged by his talk, wasn't he?


3.陳述部分的主語是不定代詞every one、 everybody,、 someone,、 anyone、 neither等時,疑問部分的主語一般要用they,。例如:

Someone has left there, haven't they?

Neither of them complained, did they?

但在正式場合也可用he,。例如:

Nobody knew it, did he?

Every one of the children likes this game, doesn't he?

陳述部分的主語為不定代詞one時,疑問部分的主語一般也要用one,。例如:

One can't be too careful, can one?

但在非正式場合也可用he或you,。例如:

One should do his duty, shouldn't he?

One doesn't act like that, can you?


4.陳述部分的主語是指示代詞that、 this,、 these或those時,,疑問部分的主語應(yīng)分別用it或they。例如:

This isn't a fast train, is it?

That was a very pleasant trip, wasn't it?

These are not story books, are they?

當(dāng)指示代詞such用作陳述部分的主語時,,疑問部分的主語要根據(jù)其概念而定,,即可能是單數(shù)it也可能是復(fù)數(shù)they,。例如:

Such is life, isn't it?

Such are available, aren't they?


5.陳述部分的主語是I think (suppose,、 consider,、 believe、 guess,、 expect,、 fancy、 imagine,、 reckon,、 feel、 am afraid,、 dare say等)+賓語從句時, 疑問部分的主,、謂語應(yīng)與從句的主、謂語相一致,。例如:

I don't think he will come, will he?

I expect you can guess what I mean, can't you?

I'm afraid he's made a bad mistake, hasn't he?

有時相同的陳述部分可以有不同的反意附加疑問句,但其語義不同,。例如:I think he is very stupid, isn't he? [我認(rèn)為他很愚蠢,不是嗎?](要求對方用“Yes”或“No”回答, 給以證實)I don't suppose John will come to see us this evening, will he? [我想約翰今晚不會來看我們,是不是?]


6.陳述部分為祈使句時,疑問部分一般用will you、 won't you,、 would you,也可用can you,、 can't you和could you,它們不是真正表示疑問,而是表示請求。例如:

Don't forget to post the letter, will you?

Sit down, won't you?

Shut up, can't you?

以Let's開頭的祈使句, 疑問部分一般用shall we,而以Let us開頭的祈使句,若意思是“允許我們”,不包括聽者在內(nèi)時, 疑問部分用will you,。例如:

Let's go for a picnic, shall we?

Let us know your address, will you?


7.陳述部分的主語是動詞不定式,、動名詞或詞組時,疑問部分的主語必須用it,。例如:

To adopt an attitude is to seek truth from facts, isn't it?

Writing the book has taken up all his spare time, hasn't it?

From Oxford to London is about 80 kilometers, isn't it?

當(dāng)陳述部分為感嘆句時,,疑問部分的主語一般也用it,而且只能用否定形式,。例如:

What a lovely day, isn't it?

How time does fly, doesn't it?


8.陳述部分的主語為“each of…”結(jié)構(gòu),,當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)“各自”時,疑問部分的主語用he,;當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)“全體”而不著重“各自”時,,則根據(jù)情況分別用they、 we或you,。例如:

Each of the successful candidates was presented with a certificate, wasn't he?

Each of the students in your class have an English-Chinese dictionary, haven't you?

Each of the students passed the examination, didn't they?

Each of us have been there, haven't we?


9.陳述部分的主語是I,,動詞是am時,疑問部分在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語中,,英國人常用aren't I,,而美國人則習(xí)慣用ain't I或arn't I。在很正式的書面語中,,疑問部分也有用am I not或am not I的,,但較少見,。例如:

I am interested in the story, aren't I?

Excuse me, I'm rather careless, ain't/arn't I?

I am good enough, am I not/am not I?

最后一提的是,反意附加疑問句在實際言語交際中主要行使人際功能,;在日常言語交際中,它具有疑問句的表層結(jié)構(gòu),其疑問部分可與陳述句,、感嘆句、祈使句等連用,;它在語氣上比較禮貌,、委婉,在語調(diào)上也比較悅耳、和諧,。

(作者為美國賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)訪問學(xué)者 楊虹)(騰訊教育)






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