在英語里,,“It be time +(that)從句”是一個較為常用的句型,它表示“該做……的時候了”的意思,。該句型屬于主從復(fù)合句的一種,;其主句部分為“It be time”,從句部分的連詞that可以省略,。以下從三個方面簡要談?wù)勥@一句型,。
一、time前面的修飾語
句型“It be time +(that)從句”通常暗示“有點遲了”,,為了強調(diào)這一含義,,可以在time的前面加形容詞high。例如:
It's high time we started.
It is high time that more women ran the arts.
為了使語氣得到進一步的加強,,還可以在high的前面加certainly,, more than等副詞或詞組:
It is certainly high time that we ordered dinner.
形容詞full也可以加在time的前面,用來加強語氣,。例如:
It's full time you had a nice day.
It is full time that boy went to herding.
time前面還可以加about,,這時句型所表達的意思是“早該……”。例如:
It's about time we started.
It's about time I settled down.
上面兩例中的about可以用getting來代替,,句意不變,;這可以視為句型“It be time +(that)從句”的一種變體。
二,、從句中的動詞形式
在“(that)從句”中,,動詞形式通常是一般過去時。這是一種奇特而有趣的語言現(xiàn)象,,即用假設(shè)的過去時來代替實際的將來時,。從英語史的角度來看,從句中的動詞形式用過去時原是屬虛擬語氣,;但從語言發(fā)展的觀點來看,,目前這種動詞形式視為陳述語氣比較合適。
著名語言學家夸克(R. Quirk)教授等人在1985年出版的《英語語法大全》一書中認為,,“(that)從句”的動詞形式一定要用“假設(shè)的過去時”,。他們舉了一例:It's time I was in bed.其實,,動詞形式除常用過去時外,也可以用其他時態(tài)和語態(tài)(用何種形式應(yīng)視情況而定),。正如著名語言學家周海中教授在1988年發(fā)表的《探討“It be time (that)…”句型》一文中所言:在現(xiàn)代英語里,,“(that)從句”中的動詞形式一般用過去時,這是基本規(guī)則,;有時也可以用其他的動詞形式,,但應(yīng)視為特殊用法。他在其文中列舉了大量實例,,用于論證和說明,。
1.用were型虛擬語氣。例如:
It's high time I were hence. (W. Shakespeare)
It's time I were gone. (A. Tennyson)
由于英語的發(fā)展,,虛擬語氣與陳述語氣之間的區(qū)別正在逐漸消失,。基于這種情況,,虛擬語氣的were也正在逐漸地代替陳述語氣的was,。
2.用be型虛擬語氣。例如:
You reckon I be found anywhere with him, time he start belle ring. (W. Faulkner)
It is time that more of the research dollars now devoted to cure be diverted to finding new and more humane ways of curing that will make a cancer patient's remaining years happier, more comfortable, and more productive. (Science, 1984, Vol. 5, No.7)
動詞形式用be型虛擬語氣是古英語的用法,。目前,,這一用法在英國英語中已“日薄西山”,而在美國英語中卻有“東山再起”之勢,,但主要見于正式文體。
3.借助情態(tài)動詞should
It's time this heart should be unmoved. (G. Byron)
It may be time that I should meet with some misfortune; but I hope it is not this. (C. Dickens)
上面用法主要見于文學作品,,尤其是英國人寫的,。
4.用過去進行時。例如:
It's time we were leaving. (H. Maclnnes)
It's time we were getting home. (E. O'Neil)
上面用法通常是一些表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動作動詞,。
5.用一般現(xiàn)在時,。例如:
It is high time that the U. S. realizes it cannot continue to hide its head in the sand, for the sand has started to blow. (Newsweek, Oct. 15, 1979)
“It is time that the burden of Reaganomics is shared by those in the upper-income groups,” 0'Neill declared. (Time, Jun. 20, 1983)
上面用法主要見于美國英語,尤其在新聞文體里,。這是一種值得關(guān)注的語言現(xiàn)象,。
6.用完成時。例如:
It's time that reduction in force has finally hit the federal government also. (U. S. News and World Report, Mar. 15, 1982)
Fooleries! Pshaw! It's time you'd done with fooleries. (G. Eliot)
上面用法也是一種值得關(guān)注的語言現(xiàn)象,。
三,、句型中的省略現(xiàn)象
在口語中,可以把句型“It be time +(that)從句”中的“It be”省略,。例如:
High time we left. (J. Linsay)
Time we were going. (M. Hammonds)
在一定的上下語境中,,也可以把句型中的“(that)從句”省略。例如:
This program goes in that direction, and I believe it's time. (T. Wicker)
在特定的語境里,,甚至還可以把句型中的“It be”和“(that)從句”都省掉,,意義仍然是顯豁的,;不過,這時time前面要用high來修飾,,其后面常跟副詞too,,該詞只是用來加強語氣,并無具體意義,。
例如:
He's gone back to work.—— High time, too! (Longman Dictionary of English Idioms)
順帶一提,,句型“It be the +序數(shù)詞+ time +(that)從句”與句型“It be time +(that)從句”在結(jié)構(gòu)上有點相似,但它們在句意上是完全不同的,。前者也是主從復(fù)合句,,當其主句的be用一般現(xiàn)在時,從句的動詞形式通常為現(xiàn)在完成時,,it可以用this來代替,;當其主句的be用一般過去時,從句的動詞形式通常為過去完成時,,it可以用that 來代替,。
例如:
It/This is the first time (that) I have seen him.
It/That was the third time (that) I had been there.
(作者為澳大利亞莫納什大學博士后 徐慧)(騰訊教育)
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