托福閱讀長難句因果關(guān)系類句子解析

共惜年月

　　托福閱讀長難句因果關(guān)系類句子的長難句，涉及到插入語,、同位語及各種從句,，大原則就是先抓句子中最重要的信息，再去看修飾部分：
　　因為ETS在選文章以及編輯的時候會有所側(cè)重,，一篇700詞的文章真正重要的信息可能不到300詞就表達(dá)清楚了,，所以我們不能被動地一個詞一個詞去讀;而是加入自己的理解，不斷跳讀,，達(dá)到速度和信息獲取兩大目標(biāo),。

　　在開始之前，我們先來用兩道題復(fù)習(xí)一下上一篇講到的省略非重點(diǎn)：
　　1. Escape involves such actions as aestivation, a condition of prolonged dormancy, or torpor, during which animals reduce their metabolic rate and body temperature during the hot season or during very dry spells.
　　○ One way animals escape is by entering a state of extended dormancy, known as aestivation, during the hottest and driest times of year.
　　○ Animals can escape without using direct action, or aestivation, simply by reducing their metabolic rate and body temperature.
　　○ The actions that an animal uses to escape are known as aestivation, which sometimes involves a reduction in metabolic rate or body temperature.
　　○ When the weather is especially hot and dry, an animal may suffer from a condition known as aestivation, at which point the animal needs to escape.

　　原句中，escape involves aestivation, 后面解釋aestivation=dormancy(torpor) = reduce metabolic rate & body temperature; 最后加一個時間點(diǎn)during...

　　看四個選項,，1st選項中one way對應(yīng)原句的involve, 后面說明escape包含dormancy或aestivation,，省略了定語從句which修飾dormancy，但整體跟原句相符;2nd選項without…不對;3rd選項中 escape=actions=aestivation把escape的范圍縮小了; 4th選項中 suffer from不對,，不是遭受,，而是主動選擇;此外，也未解釋escape,。

　　碰到這種同位語或插入語很多的情況,，一定要以讀懂為主，不要糾結(jié)生詞!
　　2. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important and species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. ( 舉例論證)

　　A. Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.
　　B. Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.

　　C. Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.

　　D. Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.

　　原句中,，前面是論點(diǎn)后面是論據(jù),，學(xué)習(xí)合適的社會行為對群居物種很重要，舉猴子的例子,。
　　選項中,，D選項猴子和其他群居動物需要學(xué)習(xí)behaviors，符合原句,。 A選項only就錯了,，用論據(jù)代替了論點(diǎn);B選項in order to前后反了，是因為要群居,，所以才practice behaviors; C選項直接說some monkeys,，跟A選項一樣，用例子代替論點(diǎn),，而且說錯了

　　復(fù)習(xí)完畢,，進(jìn)入到因果關(guān)系類：先閉上眼睛，默默回顧下有哪些詞可以表達(dá)因果關(guān)系的?
　　馬上想到的必須是because, 之后應(yīng)該就是for, since, as, with, 等連接詞,，表示原因,。此外還有表示結(jié)果的so, hence, thus等;有一個比較容易被忽略但會在閱讀中出現(xiàn)頻率非常高的是 ：v-ing, 也就是結(jié)果狀語。除此之外,，還有美國人民非常愛用的so…that… ;

　　除了直接的因果關(guān)系詞之外，還有表示導(dǎo)致/歸因于的詞大家要非常關(guān)注!包括 be responsible for…, cause, lead to, give rise to…, contribute to…,result in等;以及表示explain的account for…,。

共惜年月

　　一下子丟出這么些詞可能有些無從下手,，我們來看下具體的題目：
　　1. Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor.
　　O Photography did not replace other fine arts because people felt the image looked cheap in relation to the other arts.
　　O Photography was so cheap and readily available that it could be purchased by people who were too poor to purchase fine art.
　　O Photography not only spread quickly but also was a cheap art form and so became true successor of fine arts rather than its poor relation.
　　O Photography was not considered a true art because people could use it to create many images cheaply.

　　原句中，because表示因果,，因為the medium非常prolific,，后面in the sense that (在某種意義上因為)進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充prolific，prolific是因為produce cheaply;所以它被當(dāng)成art的窮親戚,，而非繼承者(rather...than...表對比),。也就是說：因為medium便宜，所以多，所以不被當(dāng)成fine art,。

　　看選項,，四個選項都有因果關(guān)系詞，關(guān)鍵是把因和果匹配清楚;1st選項,，說照片沒有代替其他fine arts因為人們覺得圖像看清來很便宜;結(jié)果對原因錯,，原因是照片真的便宜，不是看起來便宜,。 2nd選項,，so...that表示因果;照片太便宜以及太多，以至于買不起藝術(shù)品的人也能買;原因?qū)�,，結(jié)果錯,，結(jié)果是不被當(dāng)成藝術(shù)。 3rd選項,，前面not only…but also表示并列,，但spread quickly原句未提及;而且后面結(jié)果也說反了。 4th選項,，照片不被當(dāng)成true art因為它很便宜;雖然省略

　　最后,，大家發(fā)現(xiàn)原句用的是medium，到選項卻變成photography了,，這個是個很好的paraphrase,，用medium媒介這個詞去替代photography。大家讀文章的時候看到這種不太熟悉的詞替換成相應(yīng)的簡單詞去理解就好了,。

　　2. Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.
　　○ Buying imported grain led to the Dutch demanding that other foodstuffs and consumer goods be imported.
　　○ Keeping the price of grain low was a primary goal of the Dutch at a time when they could not produce enough grain to provide for all their needs.
　　○ The demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods forced the Dutch to import grain and other products at a time when maintaining low prices was especially important.
　　○ Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer goods.

　　原句中,，先不看插入的定語從句;進(jìn)口谷物使價格變低，因此刺激(stimulated)個人對其他消費(fèi)品的需求;定語從句里面說的是,，谷物如果自己生產(chǎn)就會很貴,。簡而言之，進(jìn)口谷物使得對其他產(chǎn)品有需求,。

　　選項中,，1st選項，最后的other be imported信息不存在,，原句只是說有需求,，沒有說更多進(jìn)口需求;2nd選項， keeping price low是主要目標(biāo),，因為他們不能產(chǎn)生足夠多的谷物與原句不符(when表示原因);3rd選項,，對其他消費(fèi)品的需求forced荷蘭人去進(jìn)口谷物，謂語動詞前后的關(guān)系說反了,。4th選項,，因為荷蘭人進(jìn)口便宜谷物，用一個inexpensive概括了插入語中的定語從句;后面說結(jié)果就是有錢買更多。