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2015-11-4 16:27 上傳
在英語(yǔ)里,,“It be time +(that)從句”是一個(gè)較為常用的句型,,它表示“該做……的時(shí)候了”的意思。該句型屬于主從復(fù)合句的一種,;其主句部分為“It be time”,,從句部分的連詞that可以省略,。以下從三個(gè)方面簡(jiǎn)要談?wù)勥@一句型。
一,、time前面的修飾語(yǔ) 句型“It be time +(that)從句”通常暗示“有點(diǎn)遲了”,,為了強(qiáng)調(diào)這一含義,可以在time的前面加形容詞high,。例如: It's high time we started. It is high time that more women ran the arts.
為了使語(yǔ)氣得到進(jìn)一步的加強(qiáng),,還可以在high的前面加certainly, more than等副詞或詞組: It is certainly high time that we ordered dinner.
形容詞full也可以加在time的前面,,用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,。例如: It's full time you had a nice day. It is full time that boy went to herding.
time前面還可以加about,這時(shí)句型所表達(dá)的意思是“早該……”,。例如: It's about time we started. It's about time I settled down. 上面兩例中的about可以用getting來(lái)代替,,句意不變;這可以視為句型“It be time +(that)從句”的一種變體,。
二,、從句中的動(dòng)詞形式 在“(that)從句”中,動(dòng)詞形式通常是一般過(guò)去時(shí),。這是一種奇特而有趣的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象,,即用假設(shè)的過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替實(shí)際的將來(lái)時(shí)。從英語(yǔ)史的角度來(lái)看,,從句中的動(dòng)詞形式用過(guò)去時(shí)原是屬虛擬語(yǔ)氣,;但從語(yǔ)言發(fā)展的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看,目前這種動(dòng)詞形式視為陳述語(yǔ)氣比較合適,。
著名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家夸克(R. Quirk)教授等人在1985年出版的《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全》一書(shū)中認(rèn)為,,“(that)從句”的動(dòng)詞形式一定要用“假設(shè)的過(guò)去時(shí)”。他們舉了一例:It's time I was in bed.其實(shí),,動(dòng)詞形式除常用過(guò)去時(shí)外,,也可以用其他時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)(用何種形式應(yīng)視情況而定)。正如著名語(yǔ)言學(xué)家周海中教授在1988年發(fā)表的《探討“It be time (that)…”句型》一文中所言:在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)里,,“(that)從句”中的動(dòng)詞形式一般用過(guò)去時(shí),,這是基本規(guī)則;有時(shí)也可以用其他的動(dòng)詞形式,,但應(yīng)視為特殊用法,。他在其文中列舉了大量實(shí)例,用于論證和說(shuō)明,。
1.用were型虛擬語(yǔ)氣,。例如: It's high time I were hence. (W. Shakespeare) It's time I were gone. (A. Tennyson) 由于英語(yǔ)的發(fā)展,虛擬語(yǔ)氣與陳述語(yǔ)氣之間的區(qū)別正在逐漸消失�,;谶@種情況,,虛擬語(yǔ)氣的were也正在逐漸地代替陳述語(yǔ)氣的was。
2.用be型虛擬語(yǔ)氣,。例如: You reckon I be found anywhere with him, time he start belle ring. (W. Faulkner) It is time that more of the research dollars now devoted to cure be diverted to finding new and more humane ways of curing that will make a cancer patient's remaining years happier, more comfortable, and more productive. (Science, 1984, Vol. 5, No.7) 動(dòng)詞形式用be型虛擬語(yǔ)氣是古英語(yǔ)的用法,。目前,這一用法在英國(guó)英語(yǔ)中已“日薄西山”,,而在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中卻有“東山再起”之勢(shì),,但主要見(jiàn)于正式文體。
3.借助情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should It's time this heart should be unmoved. (G. Byron) It may be time that I should meet with some misfortune; but I hope it is not this. (C. Dickens) 上面用法主要見(jiàn)于文學(xué)作品,,尤其是英國(guó)人寫(xiě)的,。
4.用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如: It's time we were leaving. (H. Maclnnes) It's time we were getting home. (E. O'Neil) 上面用法通常是一些表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞,。
5.用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),。例如: It is high time that the U. S. realizes it cannot continue to hide its head in the sand, for the sand has started to blow. (Newsweek, Oct. 15, 1979) “It is time that the burden of Reaganomics is shared by those in the upper-income groups,” 0'Neill declared. (Time, Jun. 20, 1983) 上面用法主要見(jiàn)于美國(guó)英語(yǔ),尤其在新聞文體里,。這是一種值得關(guān)注的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象,。
6.用完成時(shí)。例如: It's time that reduction in force has finally hit the federal government also. (U. S. News and World Report, Mar. 15, 1982) Fooleries! Pshaw! It's time you'd done with fooleries. (G. Eliot) 上面用法也是一種值得關(guān)注的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象,。
三,、句型中的省略現(xiàn)象 在口語(yǔ)中,可以把句型“It be time +(that)從句”中的“It be”省略,。例如: High time we left. (J. Linsay) Time we were going. (M. Hammonds)
在一定的上下語(yǔ)境中,,也可以把句型中的“(that)從句”省略。例如: This program goes in that direction, and I believe it's time. (T. Wicker) 在特定的語(yǔ)境里,,甚至還可以把句型中的“It be”和“(that)從句”都省掉,,意義仍然是顯豁的;不過(guò),,這時(shí)time前面要用high來(lái)修飾,,其后面常跟副詞too,,該詞只是用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,,并無(wú)具體意義。
例如: He's gone back to work.—— High time, too! (Longman Dictionary of English Idioms) 順帶一提,,句型“It be the +序數(shù)詞+ time +(that)從句”與句型“It be time +(that)從句”在結(jié)構(gòu)上有點(diǎn)相似,,但它們?cè)诰湟馍鲜峭耆煌摹G罢咭彩侵鲝膹?fù)合句,,當(dāng)其主句的be用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),,從句的動(dòng)詞形式通常為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),it可以用this來(lái)代替;當(dāng)其主句的be用一般過(guò)去時(shí),,從句的動(dòng)詞形式通常為過(guò)去完成時(shí),,it可以用that 來(lái)代替。
例如: It/This is the first time (that) I have seen him. It/That was the third time (that) I had been there. (作者為澳大利亞莫納什大學(xué)博士后 徐慧)(騰訊教育)
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