托福閱讀經(jīng)典長(zhǎng)難句解析

共惜年月

　　長(zhǎng)難句在托福閱讀考試中的出現(xiàn)是不可避免的，考生的長(zhǎng)難句分析能力差不僅會(huì)影響閱讀速度和閱讀準(zhǔn)確性,，而且還會(huì)影響某些題型的正確率,，因?yàn)樵?/font>托福閱讀十大題型當(dāng)中，句子簡(jiǎn)化題,、事實(shí)信息題和推理題這幾種題型都直接或間接地在考察學(xué)生分析長(zhǎng)難句的能力,。在面對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句時(shí)，考生一定不能只見(jiàn)單詞,，不見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu),，句子主干部分永遠(yuǎn)比修飾部分要重要。下面就通過(guò)一些例子教考生一些分析長(zhǎng)難句的技巧,，供考生參考,。


　　1、Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface,，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans,，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.
　　(定語(yǔ)后置in some ways…)
　　【譯句】由于完全沒(méi)有光，而且承受著比在地球表面大數(shù)百倍的極大壓力,，深海底部對(duì)人類而言是一個(gè)充滿敵意的環(huán)境,，在某些方面就像外層空間一樣險(xiǎn)惡和遙遠(yuǎn)。
　　分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures
　　分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface
　　分句3：the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans
　　分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space
　　分句2修飾分句1結(jié)尾的短語(yǔ)intense pressures，
　　分句1是分句3的狀語(yǔ)
　　分句3是整個(gè)長(zhǎng)句子的主句
　　分句4是分句3的后置定語(yǔ),，修飾分句3的a hostile environment to humans
　　主句前后分別有狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)的修飾成分,，但是本句其實(shí)不是復(fù)合句。句子的核心意思是深海對(duì)于人類而言是一個(gè)充滿敵意的環(huán)境,。


　　2,、Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth.
　　(倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)Basic to any understanding…is…)
　　要理解二戰(zhàn)之后20年中的加拿大，就必須了解該國(guó)驚人的人口增長(zhǎng),。
　　分句1：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War
　　分句2：is
　　分句3：the country's impressive population growth
　　分句1,，2，3共同構(gòu)成倒裝句,，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是3,，2，1,，即：該句的正常語(yǔ)序是The country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War.
　　本句是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,，只不過(guò)使用了倒裝，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是is.


　　3,、As a result,，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.
　　(同位語(yǔ)從句claims that…)
　　結(jié)果，那些認(rèn)為只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增進(jìn)健康的觀點(diǎn)廣為人知,，并成為一些民間說(shuō)法的基礎(chǔ),。
　　分句1： that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health
　　分句2： claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore
　　分句1作為分句2主語(yǔ) "claim" 的同位語(yǔ)從句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句就是分句2. 同位語(yǔ)從句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health：吃有機(jī)食品就能防治疾病或增進(jìn)健康,。


　　4,、There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs,，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like.
　　(并列同位語(yǔ)從句reports that…,，that…，that…)
　　關(guān)于天然維生素優(yōu)于人造維生素,，受精蛋比未受精蛋的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值更高,，未經(jīng)熏蒸消毒處理的谷物比經(jīng)過(guò)處理的好等等報(bào)道屢見(jiàn)不鮮，但都沒(méi)有得到證實(shí),。
　　分句1：There are numerous unsubstantiated reports
　　分句2：that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones
　　分句3：that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs
　　分句4：that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like
　　分句1是整個(gè)長(zhǎng)句的主句,，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列關(guān)系,，共同構(gòu)成分句1的同位語(yǔ)從句,。本句的意思是有很多沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)證實(shí)的報(bào)道，然后并列了三個(gè)未經(jīng)過(guò)證實(shí)的報(bào)道的從句,。


　　5,、The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North,，though less spectacularly.
　　(同位語(yǔ)從句fact that…)
　　南方極為嚴(yán)重的困境使北方同樣需要開(kāi)始重建(盡管不像南方那么引人注目)這一事實(shí)顯得不太重要。
　　分句1. The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact
　　分句2. that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North
　　分句3. though less spectacularly (省略)
　　分句2是嵌套在分句1中的,，做分句1中的fact的同位語(yǔ)從句,。
　　分句3是分句2中的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，并有省略現(xiàn)象存在,，完整的說(shuō)法是： though the reconstruction is less spectacular.

共惜年月

　　31,、It is a lifelong process，a process that starts long before the start of school and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life.
　　(并列同位語(yǔ)a process that…,，and one that…)
　　【譯句】教育是一個(gè)終生的過(guò)程,，早在人們上學(xué)之前就開(kāi)始了。它應(yīng)成為人的一生中不可缺少的一部分,。
　　分句1：It is a lifelong process,，
　　分句2：a process that starts long before the start of school;
　　分句3：and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life,。
　　分句1是整個(gè)長(zhǎng)句子的形式主句
　　分句2是分句1的同位語(yǔ),，是對(duì)1的進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明
　　分句3是2的并列句,，同為對(duì)1的解釋說(shuō)明
　　32,、Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life.
　　(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)as much…as;倒裝as was the genesis of life)
　　【譯句】生命從海洋到陸地的過(guò)渡可能是一個(gè)像生命起源那樣的進(jìn)化挑戰(zhàn)。
　　分句1：Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge
　　分句2：as was the genesis of life
　　分句1是整個(gè)長(zhǎng)句子的主句,，雖然這一部分很長(zhǎng),，但主謂賓只有一套,，而且順序是正常的分句2是倒裝句，按正當(dāng)語(yǔ)序相當(dāng)于“the genesis of life was as……(省略)”

共惜年月

　　26,、In the railroads' prime years,，between 1 890 and 1920，there were a few individuals in the United States,，most of them with solid railroading experience behind them,，who made a profession of writing about railroading--works offering the ambience of stations，yards,，and locomotive cabs.
　　(同位語(yǔ)most of them;定語(yǔ)從句who made a profession of writing)
　　【譯句】在1890年到1920年間鐵路的黃金時(shí)期,，美國(guó)有幾個(gè)人(他們大多有豐富的鐵路經(jīng)驗(yàn))以寫(xiě)鐵路題材為職業(yè)——作品圍繞車(chē)站、停車(chē)場(chǎng)和機(jī)車(chē),。
　　分句1. there were a few individuals in the United States
　　分句2. most of them with solid railroading experience behind them
　　分句3. who made a profession of writing about railroading
　　分句4. works offering the ambience of stations,，yards，and locomotive cabs.
　　1是主句
　　2和3是嵌套
　　2作為1中a few individuals 的同位語(yǔ),，對(duì)它進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明
　　27,、On the other hand，when it comes to substantive--particularly behavioral-information,，crows are less well known than many comparably common species and,，for that matter,，not a few quite uncommon ones：the endangered California condor，to cite one obvious example.
　　(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)for that matter)
　　【譯句】另一方面,，當(dāng)涉及實(shí)質(zhì)性的,，特別是行為方面的信息時(shí)，烏鴉就不如許多比較而言很普通的鳥(niǎo)類那樣為人所知;而且,，也不如許多很不尋常的鳥(niǎo)類,，舉一個(gè)明顯的例子，如像瀕危的加利福尼亞大禿鷲那樣為人所知,。
　　分句1. when it comes to substantive--particularly behavioral-information;
　　分句2. crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter,，not a few quite uncommon ones：the endangered California condor，to cite one obvious example.
　　1和2是并列,， 分句1是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),， 2是主句，其中包含插入語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu) 以及 冒號(hào)連接的解釋說(shuō)明的成分,。
　　28,、Keen observers and quick learners，they are astute about the intentions of other creatures,，including researchers,，and adept at avoiding them.
　　(并列同位語(yǔ)keen observers and quick learners)
　　【譯句】烏鴉是敏銳的觀察家和快捷的學(xué)習(xí)者，它們對(duì)其他生物(包括研究人員)的意圖感覺(jué)非常敏銳,，并且善于躲開(kāi)它們,。
　　分句1. they are astute about the intentions of other creatures，including researchers;
　　分句2. and adept at avoiding them.
　　1和2是并列,。 句子開(kāi)頭的“keen observers and quick learners”是主語(yǔ) they的同位語(yǔ),。
　　29、These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history,，providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented.
　　(賓語(yǔ)從句demonstrate that…;特殊結(jié)構(gòu)otherwise)
　　【譯句】這些研究人員已經(jīng)力圖證實(shí)他們的工作不僅可以成為科學(xué)而且還是歷史的寶貴工具,，為了解普通人的日常生活提供嶄新的觀點(diǎn)，否則這些普通人的生存狀態(tài)不可能被記載得這么好,。
　　分句1：These researchers have sought to demonstrate that;
　　分句2：their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history;
　　分句3：providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people;
　　分句4：whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented.
　　分句1是整個(gè)長(zhǎng)句子的主句
　　分句2是分句1的賓語(yǔ)從句
　　分句3是以現(xiàn)在分詞形式表示伴隨狀態(tài)
　　分句4是分句3的定語(yǔ)從句,。
　　30、Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861--1865)a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned.
　　(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)Legend has it that…=There is a legend that…)
　　【譯句】傳說(shuō)在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(1861--1865)快結(jié)束的某個(gè)時(shí)候,，一列載著牛群的政府的火車(chē)在穿過(guò)懷俄明州東部的北部平原時(shí)遇到了暴風(fēng)雪,，因此不得不被遺棄。
　　分句1：Legend has it that
　　分句2：sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861--1865)a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm
　　分句3：and had to be abandoned
　　分句1是整個(gè)長(zhǎng)句子的形式主句
　　分句2是分句1的具體解釋,，也是真正的主句,。這里出現(xiàn)了幾個(gè)分詞形式，如“carrying oxen” “traveling through……”等,，完全可以換成“that/which carries……”,，這里都是現(xiàn)在分詞做后置定語(yǔ),，起修飾限定作用。
　　分句3是2的并列,。

共惜年月

　　21,、Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits.
　　(倒裝Accompanying that growth was a structural change that…=A structural change…was accompanying that growth)
　　【譯句】伴隨著這一增長(zhǎng)的是一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)變化，它以經(jīng)濟(jì)的不斷多樣化和國(guó)家勞動(dòng)力從農(nóng)業(yè)到制造業(yè)和其他非農(nóng)業(yè)職業(yè)的逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為特征,。
　　分句1. Accompanying that growth was a structural change
　　分句2. that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits
　　2嵌套在1中,，做1中的structural change 的定語(yǔ)從句，這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜,，由兩個(gè)and連接三個(gè)并列的名詞性成分,。
　　分句1是主句，且采用完全倒裝的形式,。
　　22,、As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home.
　　(倒裝so did…)
　　【譯句】隨著男人和女人在社會(huì)中扮演的角色被限定得更加嚴(yán)格，他們?cè)诩抑械慕巧�也是如此�?/font>
　　分句1. the roles became more rigidly defined
　　分句2. men and women played in society
　　分句3. so did the roles
　　分句4. they played in the home.
　　1和2嵌套,，2是修飾1中的role 的定語(yǔ)從句,。 3和4嵌套，4是3中的roles的,。
　　1和3并列,，3是由so引導(dǎo)的部分倒裝句。
　　23,、Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals，sometimes easily recognizable as such,，often distorted into gorgeous,，weird，but always functional shapes.
　　(倒裝Surrounding the column are…)
　　【譯句】圍繞著蕊柱的是三個(gè)萼片和三個(gè)花瓣,，有時(shí)很容易辨認(rèn)出來(lái),，但經(jīng)常被扭成華麗、奇特但總是有用的形狀,。
　　完全倒裝句,，正常語(yǔ)序是：
　　Three sepals and three petals are surrounding the column, sometimes easily recognizable as such，often distorted into gorgeous,，weird,，but always functional shapes.
　　24、With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it,，young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.
　　(倒裝than had their predecessors—比較結(jié)構(gòu)的第二部分)
　　【譯句】隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來(lái)的持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),，年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人結(jié)婚成家更早，而且養(yǎng)育的家庭比他們的前輩更大,。
　　分句1. the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War
　　分句2. the economic boom that followed it
　　分句3. young people married and established households earlier
　　分句4. began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.
　　1和2并列,，3和4并列
　　1和2 是伴隨狀語(yǔ)
　　3和4是主句
　　25,、The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature;furthermore，in its manifestation of speed and noise,，it might be a despoiler of human nature as well.
　　(關(guān)聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)could be and was)
　　【譯句】鐵路可以,，事實(shí)上也是自然的掠奪者;而且，在其速度和噪音的表現(xiàn)上也可能是人性的掠奪者,。
　　分句1. The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature
　　分句2. it might be a despoiler of human nature as well.
　　1和2 是并列 (由分號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)并列分句),。

共惜年月

　　16、To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea,，it helps to think small.
　　(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)it helps to…做…有幫助)
　　【譯句】要充分認(rèn)識(shí)海洋生命的多樣性和豐富性,，從小的角度思考有幫助。
　　目的狀語(yǔ)：To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea,主句： it helps to think small. (這里的it是形式主語(yǔ),，沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義)
　　17,、Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks，but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.
　　(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)not any more than像…一樣不…)
　　【譯句】科學(xué)建立在事實(shí)上,，就像房子用磚砌成一樣,。但收集的事實(shí)不能被叫做科學(xué)，就像一堆磚不能被稱為房子一樣,。
　　分句1： Science is built with facts
　　分句2： just as a house is built with bricks,
　　分句3： but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.
　　這句話的難點(diǎn)在于“not ... any more than 像…一樣不…”,，相當(dāng)于“a pile of bricks cannot be called a house"，
　　18,、In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth,，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction.
　　(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)characterized by…——以…為特征)
　　【譯句】盡管處于一個(gè)以拋棄大量現(xiàn)實(shí)主義傳統(tǒng)(以作家約翰•巴思,、唐納德•巴塞爾姆和托馬斯.品欽為代表)為特征的時(shí)代,，喬伊斯•卡羅爾•歐茨因?yàn)閳?jiān)持自己小說(shuō)本質(zhì)上模仿的特點(diǎn)，有時(shí)候看起來(lái)是一個(gè)堅(jiān)定的守舊派,。
　　分句1. characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth,，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon,
　　分句2. Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction.
　　分句1 做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)“In a period”的后置定語(yǔ),，補(bǔ)充修飾period,，相當(dāng)于省略了 “which was”的定語(yǔ)從句。 分句2 是主句,。
　　整個(gè)句子的難點(diǎn)在于找主句,。 其實(shí)分句1的末尾是 "such as" 引導(dǎo)的三個(gè)人名的并列，在最后一個(gè)人名Thomas Pynchon前有"and", 說(shuō)明這個(gè)列舉對(duì)象中的最后一個(gè),。所以整個(gè)句子的主干在T P 這個(gè)人后面出現(xiàn),。
　　19、If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.
　　(虛擬語(yǔ)氣)
　　【譯句】如果不是具有這種能力,，它們就會(huì)在短時(shí)間內(nèi)吞掉所有能得到的食物,，而且很可能會(huì)因餓死而滅絕,。
　　分句1. If it were not for this faculty
　　分句2. they would devour all the food available in short time
　　分句3. would probably starve themselves out of existence
　　分句1 是虛擬語(yǔ)氣的條件從句
　　分句2、3是并列關(guān)系,，并且是主句,。
　　20、People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos.
　　(同位語(yǔ)從句prospect that…)
　　【譯句】19世紀(jì)的美國(guó)人因?yàn)楹ε聡?guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)中史無(wú)前例的變化會(huì)帶來(lái)社會(huì)混亂這一前景而提心吊膽,。
　　分句1. People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect;
　　分句2. that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos.
　　2嵌套在1中,，做1中prospect 的同位語(yǔ)從句;1是主句，2 具體解釋說(shuō)明 prospect,。

共惜年月

　　11,、The largest later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms,，and could have housed a population of 1,，000 or more.
　　【譯句】最大的一座后來(lái)被西班牙人稱為Pueblo Bonito(美麗的城鎮(zhèn))，是一個(gè)五層梯式樓,，有800多間房子,，能夠容納1 000人以上。
　　分句1：The largest rose in five terraced stories,，contained more than 800 rooms,，and could have housed a population of 1，000 or more;
　　分句2：later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish,。
　　分句1嵌套了分句2,，分句1的主語(yǔ)是the largest, 這是“the + 形容詞”表示一個(gè)名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，相當(dāng)于“the largest one" 的省略的說(shuō)法,。
　　分句2是省略了“which was" 的定語(yǔ)從句,，用來(lái)修飾分句1的主語(yǔ)the largest, 分句1內(nèi)部是由三個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的句子。
　　12,、Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been,，in the full sense of the word, silent.
　　(倒裝accustomed though we are…=though we are accustomed…)
　　【譯句】雖然我們習(xí)慣于將1927年以前的電影叫做“無(wú)聲電影”,，但是就“無(wú)聲’’這個(gè)詞的完整意義上說(shuō)，電影從未真正的無(wú)聲過(guò),。
　　分句1：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”;
　　分句2：the film has never been silent;
　　分句3：in the full sense of the word;
　　本句的難點(diǎn)是在分句1是倒裝句,，正常語(yǔ)序是Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as silent. 分句3是一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，嵌套在分句2中,，所以本句真正強(qiáng)調(diào)的核心是the film has never been silent.
　　13,、For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra，and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
　　(特殊結(jié)構(gòu)not…SO much as…——與其說(shuō)…不如說(shuō)…)
　　【譯句】在好些年內(nèi),，為各部影片選擇配樂(lè)的權(quán)力完全掌握在樂(lè)隊(duì)指揮或隊(duì)長(zhǎng)手中,，而通常擔(dān)任這種職位的資格與其說(shuō)是技巧或鑒賞品位,，不如說(shuō)是個(gè)人擁有音樂(lè)作品的豐富收藏。
　　分句1：.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra;
　　分句2：and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces;
　　分句1 和分句2是兩個(gè)并列關(guān)系的分句,，分句2的難點(diǎn)在于not…… so much as的結(jié)構(gòu),。
　　14、Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity,，the number of species in a particular ecosystem,，to the health of the Earth and human well-being.
　　(倒裝coincident with concerns…h(huán)as been…=…h(huán)as been coincident with concerns…)
　　【譯句】在對(duì)物種和動(dòng)物棲息地加速消失表示關(guān)注的同時(shí)，人們也越來(lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到生物多樣化,，即一個(gè)特定生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種的數(shù)量對(duì)地球的健康以及人類幸福的重要性,。
　　此句是完全倒裝句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是 has been,，真正的主語(yǔ)是has been 后面的內(nèi)容,。Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats是表語(yǔ)。
　　原來(lái)的正常語(yǔ)序是： A growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity,，the number of species in a particular ecosystem,，to the health of the Earth and human well-being has been coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats
　　其中 the number of species in a particular ecosystem 是插入語(yǔ)，作為同位語(yǔ)出現(xiàn),，用來(lái)解釋說(shuō)明biological diversity,。
　　在這句話真正的主語(yǔ)中有一個(gè) " the importance of A to B" 的結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)該翻譯為“A對(duì)B的重要性”,。 原句中就是 "the importance of biological diversity to the health of the Earth and human well-being " 叫做“生物多樣性對(duì)于地球和人類幸福健康的重要性",。
　　15、The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising,，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.
　　(同位語(yǔ)從句fact that…;定語(yǔ)從句that comprise the bulk…)
　　【譯句】考慮到組成大部分物種的昆蟲(chóng)的巨大數(shù)量,，認(rèn)為半數(shù)的已知物種棲息在世界的雨林中這一事實(shí)看起來(lái)并不令人吃驚。
　　分句1：The fact does not seem surprising.
　　分句2：that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests
　　分句3：considering the huge numbers of insects
　　分句4：that comprise the bulk of the species
　　分句1中嵌套著分句2,，分句2解釋說(shuō)明分句1的主語(yǔ)the fact, 是同位語(yǔ)從句;分句3是主句的狀語(yǔ),，分句4是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾分句3的the huge numbers of insects

共惜年月

　　6,、The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.
　　(賓語(yǔ)從句what we now know as)
　　現(xiàn)在可以獲得這些環(huán)繞幾乎每個(gè)大城市邊緣地區(qū)的土地,，這一可能性激發(fā)了一場(chǎng)房地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)的熱潮并造成了我們現(xiàn)在稱為城區(qū)無(wú)計(jì)劃擴(kuò)展的現(xiàn)象。
　　分句1：The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled
　　分句2：what we now know as urban sprawl
　　分句2嵌套在分句1里,，即分句1是主句,，分句2是賓語(yǔ)從句，主句結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)過(guò)精簡(jiǎn)應(yīng)該是The new accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban sprawl.
　　整句話的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是 sparked 和 fueled, 兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞,。
　　本句的理解困難還來(lái)自于抽象詞fuel,，它作為名詞的含義廣為人知，是能源、燃料,，作為動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候的意思就可以引申為(供給燃料)激發(fā),，促使、造成,。


　　7,、But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
　　(Of結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs…)
　　但這些因素并不能解釋這個(gè)有趣的問(wèn)題：為何在一個(gè)特定的地點(diǎn)會(huì)如此集中地出現(xiàn)即將臨產(chǎn)的懷孕魚(yú)龍群。
　　分句1： But these factors do not account for the interesting question
　　分句2： of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth
　　分句1中嵌套著分句2.
　　分句2是of結(jié)構(gòu)作后置定語(yǔ)修飾說(shuō)明question的內(nèi)容,。


　　8,、Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent，the two captains set out.
　　(同位語(yǔ)從句rumors that…)
　　當(dāng)時(shí)有一些傳言,，說(shuō)有史前的猛犸在這一陌生的區(qū)域活動(dòng),，而且在這一區(qū)域的某個(gè)地方有一座巨大的鹽石山，其面積達(dá)80英里長(zhǎng)50英里寬,。就在這些傳言中,，兩位上尉出發(fā)了。
　　分句1：Amid rumors
　　分句2：that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region
　　分句3：and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent
　　分句4：the two captains set out.
　　整個(gè)句子的主句是分句4.
　　"Amid" 表示“在 ......之中", 是介詞,，它引導(dǎo)的分句1嵌套著分句2和分句3,，并且在整句話中作狀語(yǔ)。 而分句2和分句3是并列關(guān)系的同位語(yǔ)從句來(lái)修飾分句1中的rumors,，作rumors的同位語(yǔ)從句,，用來(lái)說(shuō)明謠言的具體內(nèi)容。


　　9,、In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group,，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.
　　(同位語(yǔ)a supremacy)
　　17世紀(jì)時(shí)風(fēng)琴、敲弦琴和撥弦琴成為鍵盤(pán)樂(lè)器類的主要成員,，這種至高無(wú)上的地位一直由它們保持,，直到18世紀(jì)末被鋼琴所取代。
　　分句1：In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group,，
　　分句2：a supremacy
　　分句3：they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century
　　分句2是分句1的同位語(yǔ),，用來(lái)修飾說(shuō)明分句1中的the chief instruments of the keyboard group，分句3是省略了 "that" 的定語(yǔ)從句,，修飾分句2.


　　10,、A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid,，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.
　　(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)from…to…作定語(yǔ))
　　持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)的一系列機(jī)械上的改進(jìn)，包括引入踏板以維持音調(diào)或使其柔和,，改善金屬框架,，以及使用最佳牲能的鋼絲，最終產(chǎn)生了一種具備無(wú)數(shù)音調(diào)效果的樂(lè)器——這些效果涵蓋了從最精致的和聲到幾乎全部的管弦樂(lè)音響,，從明快流暢的吟唱音調(diào)到尖銳的打擊樂(lè)器的恢弘氣氛,。
　　分句1：A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century;
　　分句2：including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it;
　　分句3：the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality;
　　分句4：finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects;
　　分句5：from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound;
　　分句6：from a liquid,，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance。
　　本句的真正的主句結(jié)構(gòu)其實(shí)是由分句1和分句4構(gòu)成,，即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects. 分句2和分句3并列修飾說(shuō)明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements,，而分句5和分句6并列，修飾說(shuō)明了分句4中的an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects.